- Immunotherapy: PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab) have reshaped the treatment landscape for advanced urothelial carcinoma.
- Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs): Enfortumab vedotin (Padcev®) and sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy®) offer targeted cytotoxic delivery to resistant tumors.
- Targeted Therapy: Erdafitinib (Balversa®) targets FGFR2/3 mutations, representing a major advancement in biomarker-guided therapy.