- Combination Immunotherapy: Dual checkpoint blockade (nivolumab + ipilimumab) provides durable remission in advanced disease.
- VEGF TKIs: Cabozantinib, lenvatinib, and axitinib remain central to controlling angiogenesis.
- Novel Frontline Regimens: Combining TKIs with immunotherapy (e.g., pembrolizumab + axitinib) has improved overall survival in both intermediate- and poor-risk patients.